Chapter 6 Lesson 1 Page 138 -160

A Changing Landscape

1.       Among human activities that affect the biosphere are hunting and gathering, agriculture, industry, and urban development.

2.       By the end of the last ice age—about 11,000 years ago—humans began the practice of farming, or agriculture.

3.       These new crops were often grown using a practice called monoculture, in which large fields are planted with a single variety year after year.

4.       This effort came to be called the green revolution, because it greatly increased the world’s food supply.

Chapter 6 Lesson 2

5.       Environmental goods and services may be classified as either renewable or nonrenewable.

6.       Renewable resources can regenerate if they are alive, or can be replenished by biochemical cycles if they are nonliving.

7.       A nonrenewable resource is one that cannot be replenished by natural processes.

8.       Sustainable development is a way of using natural resources without depleting them and of providing for human needs without causing long term environment harm.

9.       This Increase the rate of soil erosion—the wearing a way of surface soil by water and wind.

10.    In certain parts of the world with dry climates, a combination of farming, overgrazing, and drought has turned once productive areas into deserts, as shown in figure 6—9. This process is called desertification.

11.    The raising of aquatic animals for human consumption, which is called aquaculture, is also helping to sustain fish resources.

12.   If you live in a large city, you have probably seen smog a mixture of chemicals that occurs as a gray-brown haze in the atmosphere.

13.   A pollutant is a harmful material that can enter the biosphere through the land air or water.

14.   These strong acids can drift for many kilometers before they fall as acid rain.

Chapter 6 Lesson 3

15.   Another word for variety is diversity. Therefore biological diversity or biodiversity is the sum total of the genetically based variety of all organisms in the biosphere.

16.    Ecosystem diversity includes the Variety of habitats, communities, and ecological processes in the living world.

17.    Species diversity refers to the number of different species in the biosphere.

18.   Genetic Diversity refers to the sum total of all the different forms of genetic information carried by all organisms living on earth today.

19.   Extinction occurs when a species disappears from all part of its range.

20.   A species whose population size is declining in a way that places it in danger of extinction is called an endangered species.

21.   In addition, development often splits ecosystems into pieces, a process called habitat fragmentation.

22.   In this process, called biological magnification, concentrations of a harmful substance increase in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain or food web.

23.   Introduced into new habitats these organisms often become invasive species that produce rapidly.

24.   Biodiversity is one of earth’s greatest natural resources. Species of many kinds have provided us with foods industrial products and medicines –including painkillers, antibiotics, heat drug, antidepressants and anticancer drug.

25.   Human activity can reduce biodiversity by altering habitats, hunting species to extinction introducing toxic compounds into food web and introducing foreign species to new environments.

26.   In ecology, the term conservation is used to describe the wise management of natural resources, including the preservation of habitats and wildlife.

27.   Today conservation efforts focus on protecting entire ecosystems as well as single species. Protecting an ecosystem will ensure that the natural habitats and the interactions of many different species are preserved at the same time.

Chapter 6 Lesson 4

28.   Between 20 & 50 kilometers above Earth’s surface, the atmosphere contains a relatively high concentration of ozone gas called the ozone layer.

29.   Researchers are gathering data to monitor and evaluate the effects of human activities on important systems in the biosphere. Two of these systems are the ozone layer high in the atmosphere and the global climate system.

 30. The term used to describe the increase in the average temperature of the biosphere is global warming.