Biology Page 220 - 232

9—1 Chemical Pathways

1.      Calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.

2.     Glycolysis is the first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid.

3.     Glycolysis, the Kerbs cycle, and the electron transport chain make up a process called Cellular respiration.

4.     Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

5.     Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound.

6.     One of the reactions of glycolysis removes 4 high energy electrons and passes them to an electron carrier called NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

7.     Fermentation releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen.

8.     Because fermentation does not require oxygen it is said to be anaerobic.

9.     The two main types of fermentation are alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.

9—2 The Krebs cycle and Electron Transport

10.   Krebs cycle second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.

11.     During the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.

12.    Aerobic process that requires oxygen.